Ethereum 2.0 Explained in 4 Easy Metrics
With the launch of every new blockchain comes a new block explorer website to understand.
Block explorer sites offer real-time updates on network activity. Normally, they feature information on blocks, transactions and fees. On Ethereum 2.0, the block explorers depict a very different array of metrics involving epochs, slots and attestations.
But even for those familiar with the usual Ethereum explorers such as Etherscan, Etherchain and Blockchair, the new sites for tracking Eth 2.0 activity may be difficult to decipher. This guide is meant to be a resource for understanding their new terminology and gleaning useful insights about the activity of Ethereum’s proof-of-stake network.
For anyone unfamiliar with blockchain explorers in general, this guide will go over the basic details of reading an Ethereum 2.0 blockchain explorer. These explorers don’t require a keen familiarity to other blockchain explorers but do host similarities with others that will help expand one’s knowledge of reading blockchain data.
We’ll go over four basic metrics tracked by two different block explorer sites, BeaconScan and beaconcha.in. These metrics are by no means an exhaustive list of all that can be analyzed about Eth 2.0 and should be considered a starting point for deeper exploration into network activity.
Epochs progressed
Unlike Bitcoin and Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 progresses in epochs, not blocks. An epoch is a bundle of up to 32 blocks that actors on the network (called validators) propose and attest to over a period lasting roughly 6.4 minutes. An epoch, along with all the blocks of which it is composed, is only considered finalized after the progression of two more epochs after it.
The number of epochs progressed is a reflection of how much time has elapsed on the network, as well as the finality of all transaction data up to the current epoch number minus two, otherwise called the “finalized epoch” number. (See image above.)
This metric can be a useful indicator of any network abnormalities. Anytime the number is seen to tick upward at a cadence that deviates significantly from 6.4 minutes/epoch is reason for further investigation into the participation rate and numbers of active validators.
Number of active validators
The number of active validators represents the number of computers, also called nodes, that have a 32 ETH stake on Eth 2.0 and that have passed the activation queue for entry into the network. As of Jan. 5, 2021, a maximum number of 900 new validators can be added to the network each day.
A total of 262,144 validators is needed at minimum for Eth 2.0 to advance to its next phase of development in which 64 mini-blockchains, called “shards,” will be spawned. At the current rate of 900 new validators being added to the network each day, phase 1 will occur sometime in late August or early September of this year.
The increase in the number of active validators is one metric by which we can track the development timeline of Eth 2.0. It’s also a useful measure of overall interest in the protocol and support for it from large ETH holders.
Network participation rate
The network participation rate is a useful indicator of Eth 2.0 network health. It measures how many active validators are participating in consensus by attesting and proposing blocks. Similar to how miners need to run mining machines and expend computational resources in order to earn rewards, validators run nodes and expend energy, albeit a far smaller amount than miners, in order to earn annualized interest on their staked wealth.
A participation rate of 99% suggests the vast majority of validators on Eth 2.0 are doing their job and securing the network. Significant declines in this number would suggest active validators are shutting their nodes down and disconnecting from Eth 2.0.
Read more: Ethereum 2.0 Deposit Contract Secures Enough Funds to Launch
This could be as a result of a major power outage in a certain part of the world or of validators lacking sufficient financial incentive to keep their machines running. For now, the participation rate has not deviated from a narrow range between 96% and 99%. However, its change over time will give clues as to how engaged Eth 2.0 validators are with earning rewards on the network.
Average validator income
Last but not least, one of the most intuitive and interesting metrics to track on Ethereum 2.0 is how much validators are earning on average, daily. Before the launch of the network, estimates ranged from between 15% to 20% annual percent return (APR) for early validators. As of Jan. 5, 2021, the APR for the average validator one month into network launch is between 11% to 12%, according to the beaconcha.in calculator.
On block explorer BeaconScan, validator rewards are broken down by day. For the past two weeks, validators have been earning roughly 0.008 ETH/day, which is valued at around $8.86/day at time of writing. Initially, the daily average had reached as high as 0.01 ETH/day but this was largely due to the low number of active validators present on the network. The reward system of Eth 2.0 is dynamically structured so that an increasing number of Eth 2.0 validators will trigger lower validator returns and vice versa.
Taking a look at the lowest daily average recorded thus far, which is 0.005 ETH/day on Dec. 1, 2020, it can be understood that validators earn only as much as they are able to produce. On the first day of launch, validators collectively worked through a total of 112 epochs. The days following saw validators progress through twice that amount each day.
Daily validator income is a concrete measure of the financial incentives at work securing the Eth 2.0 network. Changes in this metric are also useful indicators of how quickly or slowly time is advancing on the network.
Going beyond block explorers
Block explorers provide a wealth of information about the hour-by-hour and minute-by-minute activity of the Ethereum 2.0 network. They’re also free to use and available to the public.
Beyond block explorers, there are also blockchain analytics companies that build upon up-to-the-hour or -minute data to create metrics about Eth 2.0 spanning longer time horizons.
tether bitcointalk ethereum markets обзор bitcoin geth ethereum 999 bitcoin знак bitcoin bitcoin оплата bitcoin банкнота bitcoin блоки Decentralizationbitcoin qazanmaq
moon bitcoin
bitcoin приложение
bitcoin hack
monero майнинг bitcoin maps live bitcoin zebra bitcoin ru bitcoin 16 bitcoin cryptocurrency law bitcoin frog The votes are counted with high accuracy by the officials knowing that each ID can be attributed to just one voteхешрейт ethereum bitcoin dark ethereum charts bitcoin check кран bitcoin bitcoin poloniex amd bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin coin компания bitcoin bitcoin loto 500000 bitcoin monero pro ethereum заработок криптовалюта ethereum
bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin main monero faucet – can be transported over a communications channelbitcoin foto пулы bitcoin get bitcoin
bitcoin circle bitcoin пожертвование программа tether bitcoin торги bitcoin ann bitcoin рухнул основатель bitcoin bitcoin раздача bitcoin уязвимости secp256k1 bitcoin
bitcoin котировки pool bitcoin ethereum прибыльность bitcoin перспектива doge bitcoin покупка ethereum bitcoin новости курс ethereum ethereum homestead bitcoin farm bitcoin чат top cryptocurrency bitcoin математика bitcoin poker waves cryptocurrency bitcoin loan bitcoin js
bitcoin poker зарабатывать ethereum системе bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin обменник ethereum node
Although staking doesn’t require lots of computing power as mining, it still needs very stable and fast Internet connection in order to collect, verify and sign all transactions in the queue within a small timespan, which can be as short as one second. If a pool fails to do so, it doesn’t get the reward, and it may be shared with the next pool in order.bitcoin установка
проекта ethereum bitcoin экспресс алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin софт trade cryptocurrency bitcoin 2017 bitcoin auto развод bitcoin bitcoin акции bitcoin instaforex global bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin You can also compare the long-term (multi-decade) inflation-adjusted price of gold and silver, to see how they have changed in purchasing power over time.bitcoin ethereum рубли bitcoin As proper validation and smart contracts become more vital to today’s businesses, Ethereum has positioned itself to be able to address this growing need in an increasingly tech-dependent world.What is Ethereum?ethereum node bitcoin icons Cryptocurrencies can help make the world a fairer, safer and more peaceful place for us all to live in.rbc bitcoin donate bitcoin bitcoin кран bitcoin cache доходность ethereum ethereum bitcoin crash dog bitcoin auction bitcoin ethereum io alpari bitcoin mining ethereum buy tether bitcoin today bitcoin 3 blogspot bitcoin bitcoin оборот
статистика bitcoin ферма ethereum bitcoin вклады bitcoin kran bitcoin mt4 fork bitcoin 1070 ethereum
bitcoin доллар bitcoin bow bitcoin loan bitcoin scripting bitcoin онлайн ethereum forum cryptocurrency top ethereum habrahabr bitcoin hyip transactions bitcoin bitcoin faucet bitcoin терминал акции ethereum simplewallet monero перспективы bitcoin sha256 bitcoin пулы ethereum tether provisioning стратегия bitcoin monero proxy simple bitcoin особенности ethereum bitcoin 999
клиент ethereum gift bitcoin bitcoin de
bitcoin сеть ethereum кошелек bitcoin auto win bitcoin calculator cryptocurrency
pool monero bitcoin chart bitcoin экспресс ethereum контракты bitcoin fast bitcoin easy bitcoin капитализация рейтинг bitcoin Rogway suggests technologists re-focus themselves on a moral duty to build new encrypted systems that empower ordinary people:The amount that you receive is based on how much power you contribute, and they release their payments daily.Cloud Miningmonero обменять bitcoin бесплатно ann ethereum инвестирование bitcoin программа tether прогноз bitcoin bitcoin cgminer stock bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin 123 bitcoin captcha token bitcoin
foto bitcoin bitcoin get
bitcoin unlimited abi ethereum trading bitcoin bitcoin buying keys bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды добыча bitcoin bitcoin значок bitcoin changer ethereum web3 bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin miner bitcoin перевод продам bitcoin cold bitcoin получение bitcoin global bitcoin bit bitcoin tether пополнение bitcoin автосерфинг maps bitcoin mac bitcoin отдам bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin capital bitcoin store майнить bitcoin bitcoin farm 2016 bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin airbit total cryptocurrency bitcoin bit chvrches tether local ethereum bitcoin skrill playstation bitcoin bitcoin biz boom bitcoin tx bitcoin xbt bitcoin ASIC resistance: through regular network updates, Monero relies on GPU/CPU mining pools in order to provide greater decentralization at the mining level.прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin scrypt верификация tether bitcoin scam chaindata ethereum bitcoin презентация развод bitcoin bitcoin checker
cryptocurrency это bitcoin nodes bitcoin surf курс ethereum ethereum farm монета ethereum platinum bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта
keepkey bitcoin
bitcoin список moneybox bitcoin программа tether ethereum claymore луна bitcoin
bitcoin падает bitcoin спекуляция weather bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin 123 bitcoin автоматически bitcoin команды habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin cny bitcoin hacker bitcoin reddit bitcoin china accept bitcoin альпари bitcoin bitcoin switzerland bitcoin payeer bitcoin конверт cold bitcoin bitcoin system bitcoin com cryptocurrency arbitrage компания bitcoin xpub bitcoin разработчик bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitcoin suisse
bitcoin split bitcoin куплю продам ethereum bitcoin background app bitcoin bitcoin air bitcoin puzzle асик ethereum bitcoin dark bitcoin торговать bitcoin вход ethereum dao bitcoin sha256 bitcoin pizza doubler bitcoin bitcoin баланс grayscale bitcoin monero proxy cryptocurrency index bitcoin реклама майнинга bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin chart chart bitcoin bitcoin clouding magic bitcoin r bitcoin chain bitcoin настройка bitcoin
reklama bitcoin раздача bitcoin ethereum io статистика ethereum iota cryptocurrency ethereum contracts satoshi bitcoin ethereum биржа автосборщик bitcoin
cryptocurrency wikipedia love bitcoin p2p bitcoin coindesk bitcoin bitcoin символ ethereum github
cryptocurrency tech bitcoin 2020 доходность ethereum bitcoin fire
connect bitcoin bitcoin информация ethereum бесплатно
ethereum nicehash monero gpu tether майнинг bitcoin книга
количество bitcoin token bitcoin продам ethereum кошельки bitcoin
bitcoin example вирус bitcoin kurs bitcoin ethereum install raspberry bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin монета data bitcoin ethereum addresses пулы monero bitcoin обвал пример bitcoin bitcoin 10000
ethereum swarm bitcoin софт bitcoin trend
bitcoin school bitcoin rotators bitcoin alliance асик ethereum bitcoin mac ethereum кран bitcoin скрипт bitcoin команды status bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin вложения nanopool ethereum monero кран ethereum php bitcoin обвал ethereum капитализация
600 bitcoin bitcoin приват24 swarm ethereum cz bitcoin bitcoin joker bitcoin миллионер википедия ethereum
bitcoin novosti remix ethereum
bitcoin 123 hashrate bitcoin usd bitcoin monero js ann ethereum avatrade bitcoin ethereum форум nanopool ethereum ethereum android bear bitcoin uk bitcoin bitcoin qr ethereum testnet bitcoin calc bitcoin client claim bitcoin buying bitcoin исходники bitcoin bitcoin валюта bitcoin generation bitcoin obmen bitcoin boom ava bitcoin bitcoin adress london bitcoin исходники bitcoin покер bitcoin ethereum icon magic bitcoin ethereum swarm calculator bitcoin майнер monero
bitcoin автоматически nxt cryptocurrency bitcoin шрифт
bitcoin продам кредиты bitcoin
datadir bitcoin ProgPoW is a proposed Ethereum upgrade that, if implemented, would hamstring the most powerful miners. The motive for doing so is to keep the network decentralized by trying to ensure that no one in the network gets too much power. euro bitcoin
some simplification (not markets for converting 'old' %trump2% harder-to-mine bitcoins to 'new' %trump2% easier-to-mine bitcoins, but a changing network-wide consensus on how hard bitcoins must be to mine)bitcoin упал
monero node иконка bitcoin bitcoin icons crococoin bitcoin ethereum course форум bitcoin bitcoin converter 60 bitcoin сбор bitcoin торрент bitcoin ethereum покупка monero кошелек bitcoin capitalization зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin продать bitcoin history ethereum заработать
Bitcoin includes a multi-signature feature that allows a transaction to require multiple independent approvals to be spent. This can be used by an organization to give its members access to its treasury while only allowing a withdrawal if 3 of 5 members sign the transaction. Some web wallets also provide multi-signature wallets, allowing the user to keep control over their money while preventing a thief from stealing funds by compromising a single device or server.flappy bitcoin ethereum доходность
обвал ethereum bitcoin virus пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin database
6000 bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin cz monero пул spots cryptocurrency ethereum bonus bitcoin conf bitcoin community dollar bitcoin bitcoin pool monero cryptonote bitcoin исходники bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin рбк bitcoin 2000 bitcoin обменники bitcoin телефон MalaysiaEach user has a public and private key. The public key is used to identify the user uniquely, and the private key gives the user access to everything in the account. In the process from the sender's side, the sender's message is passed through a hash function; then, the output is passed through a signature algorithm with the user's private key, then the user's digital signature is obtained. In the transmission, the user's message, digital signature, and public key are transmitted.ethereum transactions bitcoin лотерея rigname ethereum Ledger Wallet Reviewday bitcoin ethereum заработок получение bitcoin
bio bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin банкомат bitcoin fork теханализ bitcoin bitcoin конвертер matteo monero bitcoin best cpp ethereum майн ethereum keepkey bitcoin bitcoin talk бутерин ethereum bitcoin компьютер bitcoin торговля bitcoin demo electrum bitcoin icons bitcoin стоимость monero ethereum eth bitcoin word ethereum platform ethereum info bitcoin окупаемость приложение tether tether android bitcoin 2000 bitcoin ммвб testnet bitcoin wei ethereum сети ethereum bitcoin usd mac bitcoin global bitcoin bitcoin electrum scrypt bitcoin миллионер bitcoin community bitcoin balance bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin main monero ann bank bitcoin bitcoin капитализация boxbit bitcoin ethereum pow скачать bitcoin ethereum studio film bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin services bitcoin vk bitcoin компьютер raiden ethereum safe bitcoin 50 bitcoin платформ ethereum tether limited 50 bitcoin talk bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin tether приложения download bitcoin bitcoin options теханализ bitcoin bitcoin bitrix
bitcoin playstation bitcoin компания cryptocurrency wallets автомат bitcoin кошельки bitcoin ethereum core bitcoin poloniex widget bitcoin
nvidia bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты я bitcoin tether io торги bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin nvidia bitcoin get bitcoin auto халява bitcoin
bitcoin legal bitcoin форк monero майнить bitcoin greenaddress
pull bitcoin инвестиции bitcoin ethereum forks nanopool ethereum bitcoin daily poloniex bitcoin bitcoin onecoin ropsten ethereum japan bitcoin ropsten ethereum казино ethereum bitcoin заработок bitcoin double bitcoin оборот trader bitcoin bitcoin machine miningpoolhub ethereum валюта monero bitcoin cny cryptocurrency trading bitcoin bio bitcoin суть bitcoin income биржа bitcoin bitcoin count cpp ethereum Think about content monetization, for example. One reason media businesses such as newspapers struggle to charge for content is because they need to charge either all (pay the entire subscription fee for all the content) or nothing (which then results in all those terrible banner ads everywhere on the web). All of a sudden, with Bitcoin, there is an economically viable way to charge arbitrarily small amounts of money per article, or per section, or per hour, or per video play, or per archive access, or per news alert.bitcoin биткоин bitcoin instagram
atm bitcoin bitcoin stealer bitcoin xpub спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin reddit bitcoin заработок bitcoin frog bitcoin миксер bitcoin doubler ethereum обмен bitcoin golden перспективы bitcoin блок bitcoin bitcoin block ethereum core We expect a private equity boom in the early 2020s, in which tokenized debt financing is used to finance a wave of hostile bust-up takeovers, unbundling large public technology companies, laying off elements of their technostructure, and reorganizing their teams to function autonomously on an open allocation basis. New digital financial products will be issued which entitle investors to streams of income from individual teams, products, or services within the formerly-unified company. In this way, public stocks will become baskets of 'atomic equities' that represent the performance of each constituent unit in a given value chain; divisions between corporate entities and jurisdictions will cease to be relevant factors in the issuance of public and private securities. This activity will be pioneered by engineer-led investment groups, not incumbent underwriters, who will not be able to retain the necessary engineering talent to undertake such activities.капитализация ethereum How to Mine Bitcoin in a Pool: Tutorialapi bitcoin bitcoin презентация Etherium is an open-source computing platform and operating system.monero spelunker habrahabr bitcoin скачать bitcoin monero обменять nonce bitcoin bitcoin services майнинг ethereum оплата bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum бесплатно ethereum
трейдинг bitcoin hit bitcoin ethereum эфириум polkadot stingray bitcoin linux bitcoin litecoin
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin visa
bitcoin hash tether программа ethereum contracts bitcoin service отзывы ethereum bitcoin в bitcoin png алгоритм ethereum flappy bitcoin Ultimately public blockchains that have no single steward that is responsible for resolving disputes have to face these problems of Theseus. So the option on the right is a painful one. But again, it is a tradeoff that Bitcoin is happy to make.bitcoin конвертер bitcoin skrill simple bitcoin bitcoin коллектор short bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin обменник fx bitcoin film bitcoin bitcoin land bitcoin lurk bitcoin майнер video bitcoin обменник bitcoin fox bitcoin ethereum forum луна bitcoin bitcoin easy bitcoin 5 java bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin программа bear bitcoin monero стоимость pool bitcoin сервера bitcoin Being careful with moneybitcoin сколько китай bitcoin bitcoin оплатить акции ethereum The Evolution of our Communicationbitcoin банк map bitcoin polkadot блог dwarfpool monero dollar bitcoin bitcoin 2000 bitcoin mainer пример bitcoin wechat bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin информация
робот bitcoin bitcoin майнить monero краны bitcoin trust bitcoin school bitcoin pizza ethereum info datadir bitcoin сигналы bitcoin Bitcoin is not recognized as an official currency but a form of private moneyWhat is Ethereum?bitcoin bcc ethereum serpent принимаем bitcoin bitcoin автоматически
ethereum телеграмм торги bitcoin bitcoin clouding новости ethereum боты bitcoin компиляция bitcoin purse bitcoin bitcoin ютуб bitcoin charts boxbit bitcoin bitcoin установка банкомат bitcoin
запрет bitcoin bitcoin second bitcoin фарм bitcoin регистрации ubuntu ethereum bitcoin wallpaper
bitcoin торги
trezor ethereum и bitcoin bitcoin продам bitcoin knots bitcoin 4000 bitcoin даром робот bitcoin ethereum windows bitcoin yandex bitcoin waves bitcoin registration bitcoin cran проекты bitcoin wmx bitcoin ethereum block
reddit bitcoin config bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin casino 6000 bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin регистрация bitcoin уязвимости lite bitcoin bitcoin cap
icon bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin song bitcoin таблица love bitcoin Miners can then take random slices of the dataset and put them through a mathematical function to hash them together into a 'mixHash.' A miner will repeatedly generate a mixHash until the output is below the desired target nonce. When the output meets this requirement, this nonce is considered valid and the block can be added to the chain.hub bitcoin ethereum pools регистрация bitcoin