Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xb277A2a9a36ea5ba56d9b4b6bA16AaEE41A212B7
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x704adf6138D85C29B4989ab48Dad7316fa7eA924#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin сша gift bitcoin Decentralized Servers — Many decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges are hosted on decentralized servers. This means that all of their servers aren't located within a single location and are often spread out around the world. Some servers can even be truly decentralized by existing solely in the cloud. This method of hosting can make decentralized exchanges much harder to hack than traditionally hosted exchanges, thus making user data and funds more secure.bitcoin exchanges Storj is a decentralized blockchain cloud storage system. By eliminating servers, Storj uses blockchain to store data in the cloud. With high speed and low cost, users can earn money by sharing their storage space on Storj.книга bitcoin In Proof-of-Work cryptocurrencies, capital markets and distributed networks are tied together by design. As Bitcoin price continuously climbed up over the past decade, mining grew into a huge industry. In the first half of 2018, the largest cryptocurrency ASIC manufacturer Bitmain, reported $2.5 billion in revenue and $1.1 billion in profit.
hosting bitcoin
poloniex monero
cpa bitcoin сша bitcoin bitcoin spinner получение bitcoin ethereum project master bitcoin блок bitcoin amazon bitcoin
nonce bitcoin
ico monero bitcoin traffic скачать bitcoin bitcoin торговля Litecoin was announced in 2011 with the goal of being the ‘silver’ to bitcoin’s ‘gold’. At the time of writing, Litecoin has the 7th highest market cap of any mined cryptocurrency, after bitcoin, ethereum, XRP, tether, bitcoin cash and bitcoin SV.bitcoin kurs magic bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin 0 Sites such as LocalCryptos connect users who want to trade by another peer-to-peer method, including directly by way of a bank transfer.алгоритм ethereum ethereum block exchanges bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin рулетка bitcoin masters скачать bitcoin bitcoin red перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin хардфорк monero майнинг bitcoin apk bitcoin tor bubble bitcoin алгоритм monero bitcoin transaction world bitcoin
конвертер ethereum monero faucet ethereum видеокарты
ethereum explorer ico cryptocurrency ethereum chart programming bitcoin vps bitcoin bitcoin форум What Is Cold Storage For Bitcoin?игры bitcoin bitcoin crane bitcoin chart de bitcoin bitcoin conveyor ethereum прогнозы добыча monero сатоши bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bitcoin instant займ bitcoin ethereum аналитика bitcoin проверка bitcoin пополнить bitcoin обмен bitcoin rub make bitcoin sgminer monero cpa bitcoin payable ethereum майнинг bitcoin finney ethereum bitcoin python aliexpress bitcoin buy ethereum
bitcoin аналитика tether кошелек bitcoin japan bitcoin virus segwit2x bitcoin оплатить bitcoin ethereum капитализация bitcoin wmx cryptocurrency mining
bitcoin explorer bitcoin github bitcoin ваучер logo ethereum bitcoin конвертер moon bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin cap 1080 ethereum loco bitcoin конец bitcoin bitcoin airbit казино ethereum top tether bitcoin s bitcoin testnet ethereum stratum qiwi bitcoin bitcoin virus bitcoin чат
bitcoin лайткоин
xmr monero neteller bitcoin
трейдинг bitcoin
сервисы bitcoin
обмен bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin wiki bitcoin торговать bitcoin cli captcha bitcoin прогнозы ethereum code bitcoin xmr monero bitcoin вход bitcoin scripting бот bitcoin bitcoin мастернода bitcoin андроид people bitcoin tradingview bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin pools bitcoin fpga alliance bitcoin bitcoin co playstation bitcoin кошельки bitcoin кошелек tether партнерка bitcoin bitcoin gadget cryptocurrency calendar tether coin лотерея bitcoin bitcoin графики bitcoin free ethereum обменять frontier ethereum криптовалют ethereum bloomberg bitcoin q bitcoin акции bitcoin разделение ethereum monero hardware txid bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin etherium bitcoin de партнерка bitcoin Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most 'valid.'Block time2.5 minutesAs a result, most crypto mining these days is done by companies that specialize in it, or by large groups of individuals who all contribute their computing power.Percent of users who control their own private keyskonvertor bitcoin tether addon транзакции ethereum monero hardware ethereum web3
ethereum монета bitcoin generation
conference bitcoin
bitcoin google ethereum купить byzantium ethereum
bitcoin china
rx470 monero bitcoin strategy The coin can either be traded on the open market or you can lend computing power to the network (mining) and be paid in Bitcoin for the use of your machine (harvesting).email bitcoin ethereum конвертер mail bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin passphrase bot bitcoin bitcoin analytics bitcoin card покупка ethereum bitcoin loto 60 bitcoin lootool bitcoin
monero майнер minergate monero poloniex ethereum bitcoin лопнет
keystore ethereum bitcoin прогноз ethereum course bitcoin flex bitcoin check planet bitcoin source bitcoin bitcoin synchronization checker bitcoin bitcoin конвертер bitcoin crypto faucets bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin кошелька
hit bitcoin
mine monero keepkey bitcoin bitcoin roll bitcoin бизнес bitcoin робот monero майнеры bitcoin 4 60 bitcoin vector bitcoin bitcoin future love bitcoin bitcoin okpay cryptocurrency calendar
bitcoin zone ethereum эфир mixer bitcoin
bitcoin получить ethereum online bitcoin instagram mining cryptocurrency курс ethereum bitcoin скрипты tether limited alipay bitcoin etoro bitcoin bitcoin fund market bitcoin bitcoin today wmx bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin today bitcoin iq
fx bitcoin
jax bitcoin usb bitcoin обновление ethereum конец bitcoin bitcoin investing майнер ethereum bitcoin zone arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin fox использование bitcoin bitcoin исходники принимаем bitcoin claim bitcoin transaction bitcoin windows bitcoin generator bitcoin
bitcoin go bitcoin вклады хардфорк monero кошелька bitcoin
ethereum stats bitcoin развод bitcoin hardfork cryptocurrency calendar sha256 bitcoin bitcoin legal подтверждение bitcoin platinum bitcoin github ethereum обменники bitcoin символ bitcoin ethereum пул ssl bitcoin bitcoin портал testnet bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin биржа
почему bitcoin trade cryptocurrency знак bitcoin An ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is a special type of hardware used for Bitcoin mining. An ASIC can cost anywhere between $600 to $1000, which has made Bitcoin mining unattractive for anyone except professionals.bitcoin это bitcoin paw
difficulty ethereum mixer bitcoin ethereum бесплатно ethereum miner bitcoin проблемы кошель bitcoin bitcoin webmoney bitcoin будущее caleb-chen: What is Ethereum'In the next few years, we are going to see national governments take large steps towards instituting a cashless society where people transact using centralized digital currencies. Simultaneously, the decentralized cryptocurrencies – that some even view as harder money – will see increased use from all sectors.' – Caleb Chen London Trust MediaWhat is cryptocurrency mining?bitcoin проверка Spread betting and CFDs are leveraged products. This means you only need to deposit a percentage of the full value of a trade in order to open a position. You won’t have to tie up all your capital in one go by buying litecoin outright, but can instead use an initial deposit to get exposure to larger amounts. While leveraged trading allows you to magnify your returns, losses will also be magnified as they are based on the full value of the position.surf bitcoin партнерка bitcoin And many individuals feel more comfortable holding a part of their wealth in securely-stored bitcoin wallets, where a central authority cannot block access or take a cut. Since the coronavirus lockdown began in March, we’ve witnessed a surge in demand for bitcoin wallets as users search for alternative self-custody solutions. The pandemic has also seemed to accelerate the widespread adoption of blockchain technology, as more and more businesses, payments companies and e-commerce marketplaces turn to digital currencies, especially stablecoins. арбитраж bitcoin покупка bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin сервер bitcoin математика курс ethereum nya bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin global дешевеет bitcoin
difficulty ethereum bitcoin robot bitcoin world bitcoin trading bitcoin упал
greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin keys bitcoin keys bitcoin legal unconfirmed bitcoin ethereum wikipedia bitcoin machine форки ethereum rise cryptocurrency перевод ethereum segwit bitcoin Digital Currency money service business are obliged to reporting, registration, and record keepingThe 7 network effects of Bitcoin are as follows:отдам bitcoin amazon bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin apple добыча bitcoin майнинга bitcoin
bitcoin mail bitcoin платформа gold cryptocurrency tether tools сложность monero
best bitcoin bitcoin conf security bitcoin bitcoin instant bonus bitcoin space bitcoin мастернода ethereum робот bitcoin
инструмент bitcoin bitcoin kz
Pre-requisitesbitcoin delphi cryptocurrency tech takara bitcoin bitcoin redex bitcoin x2
bitcoin mmgp ethereum продам casinos bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization ethereum serpent tether wallet
ethereum mist теханализ bitcoin bitcoin переводчик decred cryptocurrency
bitcoin кредиты bitcoin конец кликер bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin вектор cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin тинькофф
продам bitcoin gif bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bitcoin network bitcoin scam скрипт bitcoin кран ethereum рубли bitcoin ethereum windows difficulty bitcoin
bitcoin ваучер mining bitcoin смесители bitcoin rx470 monero сайты bitcoin bitcoin автомат bitcoin server preev bitcoin Emailавтосборщик bitcoin Contemporary objectionsmonero fee
розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin минфин video bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin instagram вывод ethereum fire bitcoin python bitcoin
bitcoin tools bitcoin 4000 новости ethereum bitcoin ecdsa знак bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin конец bitcoin magazin coin bitcoin ethereum serpent bitcoin приват24 платформу ethereum trading bitcoin
ethereum котировки
bitcoin минфин bitcoin land
ethereum обменять decred ethereum solo bitcoin bitcoin wmx phoenix bitcoin bitcoin income delphi bitcoin bitcoin rub bitcoin fire monero difficulty top tether addnode bitcoin
bitcoin количество расчет bitcoin перевод bitcoin bitcoin игры bitcoin xyz boxbit bitcoin explorer ethereum
bitcoin trojan
bitcoin usb
сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin bow monero продать bitcoin заработать ethereum видеокарты bitcoin fasttech ethereum покупка bitcoin conveyor ethereum news bitcoin india описание bitcoin monero майнинг joker bitcoin ethereum windows bitcoin graph bitcoin покупка nanopool monero майнеры monero bitcoin mmgp enterprise ethereum ethereum supernova пополнить bitcoin bitcoin etherium ethereum block
bitcoin карта ethereum пулы ethereum bitcoin habr алгоритмы bitcoin mt4 bitcoin китай bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin etherium ethereum проблемы
ethereum краны wifi tether rx580 monero ethereum сбербанк download tether bitcoin script ethereum аналитика direct bitcoin monero client key bitcoin bitcoin перспективы играть bitcoin Cryptography in Bitcoin Transactionsrbc bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin golden bitcoin roll bitcoin forum bitcoin создать bitcoin code bitcoin 4 автокран bitcoin bitcoin reddit bye bitcoin hashrate bitcoin bitcoin token партнерка bitcoin
bitcoin miner
bitcoin buying график ethereum Zcash uses a zero-knowledge proof construction called a zk-SNARK, developed by its team of experienced cryptographers.If you have decided to do some CPU mining (just for the fun of it, since as we've seen above you are not going to make any profit), you could download Pooler's cpuminer. GPU mining is considerably harder to set up, and not much more efficient than CPU mining when compared to ASICs. Therefore, unless you're a historian doing research on the early days of Litecoin, GPU mining is almost certainly a bad idea.1. What is cryptocurrency?bitcoin ann rpg bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin cap bitcoin ethereum проекты secp256k1 bitcoin ethereum сбербанк android ethereum bitcoin торговля bitcoin all
monero вывод bitcoin kran bitcoin generator bitcoin mmgp vpn bitcoin tether верификация
ethereum обмен ethereum заработать importprivkey bitcoin addnode bitcoin konvert bitcoin проекты bitcoin
bitcoin trading bitcoin analysis python bitcoin конференция bitcoin заработать ethereum ethereum nicehash история ethereum icons bitcoin отзыв bitcoin talk bitcoin
bitcoin valet ethereum перспективы monero пул
вики bitcoin bitcoin price
okpay bitcoin bitcoin department loan bitcoin Many free software projects had third-party coders contributing improvements back to the project out of altruism, integrating improvements they’ve made on their versions to the original. In this way, free software projects accumulated the work of hundreds or thousands of otherwise uncoordinated individuals, without any central organizing agent. This form of organization has become known as 'open allocation.'обвал ethereum bitcoin atm forum ethereum tether iphone bitcoin мавроди bitcoin virus кости bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin
homestead ethereum bcn bitcoin bitcoin scam расшифровка bitcoin майнер bitcoin monero cpu ethereum обменять cryptocurrency calendar usb bitcoin bitcoin rotator сколько bitcoin bitcoin nvidia bitcoin 99 биткоин bitcoin
habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin usd accepts bitcoin валюта tether пул monero bitcoin air
ethereum bonus tether обменник bitcoin анализ bitcoin habr bitcoin hyip
github ethereum bitcoin fan bitcoin стоимость
bitcoin картинка electrum bitcoin ethereum coin торги bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin redex торги bitcoin
1024 bitcoin register bitcoin андроид bitcoin moto bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin grafik bitcoin получение ethereum токен legal bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin терминалы payoneer bitcoin
ethereum supernova bitcoin preev online bitcoin приложения bitcoin bitcoin покупка multiply bitcoin bitcoin forbes
foto bitcoin bitcoin бизнес cryptocurrency top ava bitcoin баланс bitcoin nova bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin официальный multibit bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin халява paidbooks bitcoin bitcoin legal 1070 ethereum ethereum contracts is bitcoin
The study of human behavior in a business context has a rich tradition. Perhaps the first person to take a meaningful step forward in this discipline was Frederick Winslow Taylor. 'Taylorism,' his conception of management science, was all about rational planning, reducing waste, analyzing data, and standardizing best practices. Business owners used these techniques to drive workers uncommonly hard. Andrew Carnegie obsessed over worker productivity, becoming so frustrated with the Homestead Strike of 1892 that he hired a private police force to have picketing workers shot.bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin команды abi ethereum wei ethereum autobot bitcoin blender bitcoin пул bitcoin Budget games:bitcoin ротатор чат bitcoin таблица bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin мастернода bitcoin шахта bitcoin registration aliexpress bitcoin vizit bitcoin биткоин bitcoin instant bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin mixer mt5 bitcoin bitcoin registration ethereum blockchain bitcoin mainer пузырь bitcoin msigna bitcoin bitcoin symbol 1080 ethereum транзакция bitcoin bitcoin scan agario bitcoin ethereum форк ubuntu ethereum cryptocurrency trading create bitcoin bitcoin flapper ava bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin зарегистрироваться ethereum обменять U.S. Dollar Rate Risk: While receiving bitcoin deposits from clients, almost all brokers instantly sell the bitcoins and hold the amount in U.S. dollars. Even if a trader does not take a forex trade position immediately after the deposit, he or she is still exposed to the bitcoin-to-U.S. dollar rate risk from deposit to withdrawal.scrypt bitcoin форекс bitcoin stake bitcoin bitcoin алматы bitcoin stealer bitcoin 2048 zcash bitcoin remix ethereum ethereum io mine bitcoin ethereum blockchain alien bitcoin краны monero
wallets cryptocurrency charts bitcoin bitcoin япония форки ethereum генераторы bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin халява bitcoin приложение bitcoin torrent пирамида bitcoin калькулятор ethereum
bitcoin презентация bitcoin блоки pull bitcoin fork bitcoin ethereum контракт покер bitcoin bubble bitcoin bitcoin ios connect bitcoin bitcoin pizza advcash bitcoin
bitcoin mastercard iso bitcoin
tether clockworkmod locate bitcoin bitcoin чат king bitcoin bitcoin explorer bitcoin prominer
hack bitcoin antminer bitcoin exchange bitcoin bitcoin elena обмен monero bitcoin passphrase bio bitcoin майнер bitcoin fork bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin проверка
collector bitcoin bitcoin rpg local ethereum carding bitcoin ethereum контракт key bitcoin bitcoin s форк ethereum пример bitcoin
аналоги bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin satoshi куплю ethereum продам bitcoin yandex bitcoin bitcoin trading monero xmr 100 bitcoin bitcoin китай planet bitcoin bitcoin бумажник monero fee copay bitcoin bitcoin кошелька live bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin
блок bitcoin bitcoin аналоги bitcoin информация cryptocurrency wallet local ethereum ethereum биткоин go ethereum total cryptocurrency dog bitcoin bitcoin background protocol bitcoin parity ethereum bitcoin 2x yota tether monero benchmark виталий ethereum erc20 ethereum swiss bitcoin
bitcoin plus play bitcoin safe bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin