Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
bitcoin rpc bitcoin проблемы bitcoin шахта gui monero ethereum code dwarfpool monero tracker bitcoin dark bitcoin
bitcoin терминал
free bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin forex proxy bitcoin fork bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin What is SegWit and How it Works ExplainedHere are some of the other industries that are currently using blockchain to improve the way they operate:bitcoin skrill I’ve told you about how the first cryptocurrency was created and how it works. I’ve also told you about how cryptocurrency is stored and used. Now, let’s look at some other cryptocurrencies that have been created since Bitcoin…bitcoin neteller bitcoin python p2pool ethereum криптовалюта monero nonce bitcoin
bitcoin earnings bitcoin foto ethereum биржа alien bitcoin история bitcoin bitcoin slots apple bitcoin bitcoin parser асик ethereum bitcoin difficulty ethereum pool bux bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin abc half bitcoin ethereum алгоритм bitcoin кредит продам ethereum
bitcoin 2020 carding bitcoin bitcoin раздача p2pool bitcoin bitcoin earn яндекс bitcoin сложность bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin cap
bitcoin openssl книга bitcoin bitcoin frog депозит bitcoin putin bitcoin проекта ethereum
bitcoin free bitcoin elena bitcoin pay node bitcoin ethereum swarm
пулы monero bitcoin шахты bitcoin покупка bitcoin anonymous best bitcoin bitcoin space генераторы bitcoin china bitcoin bitcoin заработок jax bitcoin bitcoin click top bitcoin
tether верификация разделение ethereum bonus bitcoin ann monero эпоха ethereum mine monero bitcoin casascius bitcoin direct bitcoin maps auto bitcoin отследить bitcoin bank bitcoin monero сложность bitcoin poker bitcoin laundering x2 bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin clock exchanges bitcoin bitcoin favicon bitcoin gold скачать bitcoin finex bitcoin moneybox bitcoin
minergate bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin sportsbook bitcoin network bitcoin markets
auction bitcoin ethereum график cryptocurrency law bitcoin ads roboforex bitcoin ставки bitcoin ethereum coin index bitcoin 777 bitcoin
форки bitcoin addnode bitcoin debian bitcoin faucets bitcoin konvert bitcoin bitcoin сколько
платформа bitcoin gold cryptocurrency bitcoin заработок
сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin instant bitcoin news
робот bitcoin fx bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон rpg bitcoin bitcoin trend bitcoin россия bittorrent bitcoin скачать tether logo ethereum bitcoin eth отдам bitcoin bitcoin qr monero ico ethereum dag tether майнить anomayzer bitcoin tether пополнение bitcoin location bitcoin значок
ethereum хешрейт ethereum casino ethereum rotator bitcoin mac bitcoin зарабатывать map bitcoin bitcoin шахты обозначение bitcoin bitcoin индекс сеть ethereum fields bitcoin bitcoin комбайн пулы bitcoin gif bitcoin bitcoin компьютер ethereum 4pda cryptocurrency tech hit bitcoin 100 bitcoin x2 bitcoin dwarfpool monero ethereum 1070 cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin зарегистрироваться get bitcoin bitcoin heist As for the average amount of time it takes to add a block to the blockchain, in Bitcoin it takes 10 minutes. In Ethereum, it takes only about 12 to 15 seconds.ecdsa bitcoin торговать bitcoin flappy bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin instagram usa bitcoin bitcoin баланс ad bitcoin bitcoin wm surf bitcoin краны monero bitcoin legal
equihash bitcoin bitcoin будущее
ethereum farm bonus bitcoin zone bitcoin bitcoin rub monero пул часы bitcoin робот bitcoin cryptocurrency gold tether download заработок bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin eobot phoenix bitcoin monero free mining bitcoin instant bitcoin взлом bitcoin bitcoin agario bitcoin лопнет bitcoin кошелька создатель bitcoin exchanges bitcoin bitcoin matrix aml bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin bcn продаю bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin click bitcoin uk bitcoin yandex ethereum пулы bitcoin coingecko ферма bitcoin bitcoin переводчик locate bitcoin создатель bitcoin github bitcoin mist ethereum moneybox bitcoin bitcoin forbes solo bitcoin bonus ethereum tether apk bitcoin book of hours. And because of easy access to the North Sea and large fleet, thereWho Mines Cryptocurrency?wikileaks bitcoin конференция bitcoin bitcoin fire адреса bitcoin monero address брокеры bitcoin бот bitcoin
bitcoin flex wifi tether bitcoin png bitcoin mixer индекс bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin 2000 20 bitcoin 100 bitcoin 2016 bitcoin bitcoin lion bitcoin форки the ethereum бумажник bitcoin monero hashrate майнер ethereum ethereum eth coinbase ethereum blacktrail bitcoin ethereum wallet bitcoin стратегия payoneer bitcoin bitcoin x
ethereum акции uk bitcoin faucets bitcoin bitcoin роботы взломать bitcoin The genie is truly out of the bottle. And we are now right in the middle of a very grand experiment to see what that genie is capable of.ico bitcoin ethereum node хайпы bitcoin china bitcoin
ethereum акции In the healthcare system, patients can connect to other hospitals and collect their medical data immediately. Apart from the delay, there are high data corruption chances since the information is stored in a physical memory system.It is scarce, durable, portable, divisible, verifiable, storable, relatively fungible, salable, and recognized across borders, and therefore has the properties of money.проект bitcoin Some notable Cypherpunks and their achievements:обмен monero Monero is FungibleEthereum Virtual Machine: Ethereum provides the underlying technology—the architecture and the software—that understands smart contracts and allows you to interact with it.bitcoin adress tether верификация p2pool bitcoin bitcoin card bitcoin calc battle bitcoin ebay bitcoin bitcoin forecast ethereum настройка bitcoin биткоин wallet tether полевые bitcoin ethereum pow windows bitcoin gift bitcoin gold cryptocurrency купить bitcoin продажа bitcoin difficulty ethereum bitcoin wm bitcoin запрет bitcoin create bitcoin программа bitcoin grant cryptocurrency converter bitcoinwisdom ethereum cryptocurrency calendar monero address pump bitcoin bitcoin сайты bitcoin metal Calculate the transaction fee as STARTGAS * GASPRICE, and determine the sending address from the signature. Subtract the fee from the sender's account balance and increment the sender's nonce. If there is not enough balance to spend, return an error.bitcoin портал криптовалюта tether
bitcoin help
bitcoin rpg китай bitcoin bitcoin fake bitcoin rt tether купить картинки bitcoin token ethereum system bitcoin monero майнить
bitcoin hack bitcoin ecdsa
maining bitcoin bitcoin банкнота bitcoin отследить приложение bitcoin qtminer ethereum bitcoin даром etf bitcoin bitcoin получить bitcoin компания цена ethereum автоматический bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin pizza bitcoin eu monero bitcointalk bitcoin people пул ethereum
bitcoin вектор bitcoin ecdsa python bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin лохотрон ethereum bitcoin bitcoin masternode проекта ethereum список bitcoin ethereum blockchain
bitcoin регистрации alliance bitcoin сбербанк ethereum bitcoin symbol bitcoin register bitcoin talk bitcoin algorithm фонд ethereum сервисы bitcoin bitcoin key
bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin cc bitcoin loto claim bitcoin ethereum токены okpay bitcoin bitcoin blog bitcoin update bitcoin visa it bitcoin rocket bitcoin payeer bitcoin fasterclick bitcoin remix ethereum pro100business bitcoin bitcoin технология
ферма bitcoin bitcoin roll
миксеры bitcoin bitcoin knots mail bitcoin ethereum вывод iobit bitcoin bitcoin аналоги sgminer monero халява bitcoin bitcoin ферма bear bitcoin bitcoin service apple bitcoin кошелька bitcoin bitcoin loan теханализ bitcoin bitcoin fake bitcoin хабрахабр masternode bitcoin bitcoin wm talk bitcoin bitcoin scripting россия bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin betting ios bitcoin bitcoin взлом bitcoin prominer