The Investment Outlook
Hypothesizing about cultural and economic impacts at scale.
We have presented Bitcoin as an innovation in organization design. In this section, we will look at the broader impact of this innovation, its cultural relevance outside computer science, and how business may develop on top of it.
Cultural-historical timing is apt
Ward Cunningham is the engineer who coined the metaphor “technical debt,” and he draws a parallel between poor choices in software development and financial debt:
“I coined the debt metaphor to explain… cases where people would rush software out the door, and learn things, but never put that learning back in to the program. That, by analogy, was borrowing money thinking you never had to pay it back. Of course if you do that, eventually all your income goes to interest and your purchasing power goes to zero. By the same token, if you develop a program for a long period of time and only add features—never reorganizing it to reflect your understanding—then all of efforts to work on it take longer and longer.”
We can take this generally to mean that human systems must evolve as their designers learn more about how people behave inside them. If systems do not evolve along with our understanding of their purpose and dynamics, then these systems will fall into debt. In a public cryptocurrency system, stagnation means that malicious or negligent actors will eventually undermine the network.
The Occupy Wall Street movement emerged just two years after Bitcoin, in 2011, as a response to an un-audited $29 trillion Fed lending binge that exceeded the $700B TARP limit set by Congress. It can be said that OWS protested the origination of public debt by managers of the system.
Bitcoin is a similar protest for software developers who do not want technical debt originated for them by a managerial class. Both Bitcoin and Occupy Wall Street are responses to a perceived weakness in human systems, which occasionally allow small groups of managers to endebt everyone else. Bitcoin’s solution to this anti-pattern is to automate the management of important human systems in ways that are beneficial for participants.
Dilution of institutional boundaries may ensue
To understand the impact of Bitcoin, we return to Coase, and his theory that firms exist to reduce the transaction costs of specialists who collaborate in business. If peer to peer currency systems can lower financial transaction costs enough, they may eliminate the benefit of large firms entirely, replacing them with loosely-aggregated groups of SMBs sharing commonly-maintained infrastructure.
Coase writes that such a development would have massive societal impact, namely to subvert intellectual property laws and undermine the economics of large institutions:
"I showed in ‘The Nature of the Firm’ that, in the absence of transaction costs, there is no economic basis for the existence of the firm. What I showed in ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ was that, in the absence of transaction costs, it does not matter what the law is, since people can always negotiate without cost to acquire, sub-divide, and combine rights whenever this would increase the value of production. In such a world the institutions which make up the economic system have neither substance nor purpose. Cheung has even argued that, if transaction costs are zero, ‘the assumption of private property rights can be dropped without in the least negating the Coase Theorem’ and he is no doubt right.”
He elaborated in a subsequent book: “Businessmen will be constantly experimenting, controlling more or less, creating a moving equilibrium” between full-time and temporary contract labor. These impacts are also consistent with the stated goals of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Cypherpunks, whose resistance to institutional authority is rooted in a resentment for the managerial class and for the laws that protect and incentivize proprietary software.
Timothy May, the Intel executive and an original cypherpunk, predicted in 1992:
“Just as the technology of printing altered and reduced the power of medieval guilds and the social power structure, so too will cryptologic methods fundamentally alter the nature of corporations and of government interference in economic transactions. Combined with emerging information markets, crypto anarchy will create a liquid market for any and all material which can be put into words and pictures. And just as a seemingly minor invention like barbed wire made possible the fencing-off of vast ranches and farms, thus altering forever the concepts of land and property rights in the frontier West, so too will the seemingly minor discovery out of an arcane branch of mathematics come to be the wire clippers which dismantle the barbed wire around intellectual property.”
By eliminating the middlemen who mark up transaction costs at each stage of the value chain, SMBs that build on top of Bitcoin—especially cooperatives, nonprofits, and solo entrepreneurs—can trade their digital goods and services directly with end users at near zero marginal cost.
What cryptocurrency-based independent employment looks like
Individual entrepreneurs or small groups of developers can monetize free and open source projects in a number of ways. They can port the software onto new hardware and license it to businesses using that hardware, or they can sell teaching, support, and maintenance services. Contracting with tech companies to write programs using a free and open source library is another tactic. Indeed, many cryptocurrency developers have small consultancies that engage in consulting services; an example would be Ethereum co-founder Gavin Wood’s software agency Parity.
Older FOSS projects provide insights into the future of Bitcoin. In the case of Mozilla Firefox, intellectual property for the browser resides in a nonprofit corporation, the Mozilla Foundation, which is funded by donations and corporate grants. Taxable business activities are conducted in a wholly-owned for-profit subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which was formed in August 2005. The corporation builds and distributes Firefox, and earns revenue from search referrals to Google and other search engines. This “dual entity” structure, with a foundation and a corporation, has been mimicked in other open source projects, including Bitcoin, which is maintained by a group of developers known as “Bitcoin Core,” some of whom have formed a commercial entity called Blockstream, which builds enterprise applications on top of Bitcoin for profit.
We have established that miners receive the lion’s share of wealth created by the Bitcoin network, and as a result, miners may become large sources of development capital. Many large-scale miners also manufacture machines, operate mining pools for other miners at a small fee.
Bounty-hunting is another approach to software entrepreneurship. Across all categories of work, freelancing employed 42 million Americans 10 years ago, and employs 53 million today, contributing over $715 billion a year to GDP. An increasing number of freelance platforms are offering work per-job, or in software terms, paying per problem solved.
Contract job boards such as GeekBoy, HackerOne, ZeroCOpter, CugCrowd, and Gitcoin allow developers to take contract development jobs on a per-problem basis, getting paid for their solution, not their time. Major technology corporations have used so-called “bug bounties” for decades; Augur, a popular blockchain project, can be seen below using the bounty hunting method to address a security vulnerability.
Perhaps the best implementation of a bitcoin-based bounty hunting system is BitHub, created by cypherpunk and Signal Messenger creator Moxie Marlinspike. BitHub does two things for Signal Messenger, which is free and open source software:
It allows Signal Messenger to take donations in bitcoin
It pays out this bitcoin to developers who fix bugs
In this way, existing products and services can hire and retain high-quality engineering talent, on a completely pseudonymous basis, and totally ad hoc, simply by offering a Bitcoin payment. Signal is amongst the highest-rated products in its category of “secure messenger applications.” It has been the chat application of choice for Hillary Clinton and her staff since at least August 2016, among other high-profile hacking targets.
Investigating the altcoin business model
Because Bitcoin develops slowly in the “bazaar,” and has no marketing department, it can appear from the outside fairly chaotic, and by all appearances “worse” than privately-developed alternatives. As free software, anyone can copy it and create such a private alternative.
Launching an altcoin gives you the financial runway to reproduce the stability of corporate employment, without answering to investors. (Just miners and users!) What is the distinction?
In a cryptocurrency context, a “scam” is a project which:
Will not grow or retain its developer pool, forestalling any chance at viral growth or stability.
Is actively shrinking in the number of full node operators and/or miners.
Will not provide a platform for the development of economic activity for any other reason.
Not all network operators are intentional scammers. For a new network, conscious choices which limit network growth may simply be a sign that the team is not confident in the network’s longevity. Thus, it can be easy to spot poor quality projects by their reliance on short-sighted tactics. While there is no firm litmus test for the viability of a project, the following characteristics can be considered red flags:
and unloved. The resulting rise in Bitcoin price attracts media attention, which then attractsbitcoin com
bitcoin брокеры
monero minergate bitcoin 1070 mine ethereum bitcoin plugin importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin история проекты bitcoin bitcoin register bitcoin программирование bitcoin project bitcoin broker bitcoin zona баланс bitcoin 777 bitcoin bitcoin ishlash xbt bitcoin byzantium ethereum bitcoin конвертер china bitcoin bitcoin бизнес monero обменник monero обменник
ethereum microsoft
bitcoin playstation tether обзор
pdf bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin россия
фарминг bitcoin bitcoin займ bitcoin реклама bitcoin dark кредиты bitcoin On-Chain Governancea set of other block headers for the current block’s ommers.video bitcoin bitcoin bcc
ethereum упал buy tether bitcoin пожертвование monero майнить cms bitcoin store bitcoin крах bitcoin bitcoin london пирамида bitcoin bitcoin продам bitcoin keys краны monero bitcoin bitcointalk
pools bitcoin ethereum contract alliance bitcoin bitcoin кошелек bitcoin coin nicehash bitcoin хешрейт ethereum кости bitcoin electrum bitcoin monero курс bitcoin бонус 1080 ethereum bitcoin биржа bitcoin пул monero кран перевод ethereum ethereum web3 cryptocurrency all cryptocurrency
арестован bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin air equihash bitcoin iso bitcoin 1 bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin space js bitcoin bitcoin курс bitcoin talk bitcoin weekend bitcoin крах bistler bitcoin
bitcoin 3d bitcoin программирование bitcoin эмиссия игра ethereum bitcoin official ethereum wallet
wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin прогноз
ethereum картинки wirex bitcoin bitcoin virus
bitcoin phoenix captcha bitcoin bitcoin конверт
monero сложность ethereum addresses bitcoin биржи видео bitcoin electrum bitcoin cryptocurrency tech autobot bitcoin майнинга bitcoin
новости monero стоимость ethereum bitcoin kaufen torrent bitcoin bitcoin satoshi fpga ethereum carding bitcoin майнить bitcoin ethereum bonus monero rur ethereum цена котировки bitcoin bitcoin paw bitcoin сатоши
bitcoin серфинг ubuntu ethereum bitcoin trading koshelek bitcoin adc bitcoin monero btc bitcoin conference bitcoin bounty index bitcoin ethereum продам Mining pools implement various measures, like offering a real-time dashboard view to miners, to bring in this required transparency. Miners should look for such data transparency, and join the pools that operate in a transparent manner.600 bitcoin bitcoin up Bitcoin’s utility is that it allows people to store value outside of any currency system in something with provably scarce units, and to transport that value around the world. Its founder, Satoshi Nakamoto, solved the double-spending problem and crafted a well-designed protocol that has scarce units that are tradeable in a stateless and decentralized way.bitcoin torrent payoneer bitcoin faucet ethereum bitcoin терминалы monero купить bitcoin gif bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin страна вики bitcoin claim bitcoin bitcoin knots ethereum chaindata ethereum цена scrypt bitcoin алгоритм monero заработок ethereum alpha bitcoin будущее bitcoin транзакции ethereum trade cryptocurrency dag ethereum rx470 monero ann monero
space bitcoin bitcoin количество blue bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin стратегия
lootool bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin kz проекта ethereum bounty bitcoin bitcoin торговля ethereum rotator bitcoin счет exchange bitcoin 3See alsoProof of Work challenge response.svgday bitcoin ethereum telegram ethereum токены bitcoin wmx maps bitcoin spin bitcoin withdraw bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin япония monero cpu bitcoin приложения x2 bitcoin ethereum coin сеть bitcoin bitcoin matrix фото bitcoin bitcoin клиент проект bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin loan майнер monero chain bitcoin xbt bitcoin bitcoin вклады stats ethereum проблемы bitcoin bitcoin пополнить автомат bitcoin курса ethereum
in bitcoin bitcoin анонимность bitcoin пул
bitcoin airbitclub ethereum calc bitcoin будущее киа bitcoin bitcoin alpari bitcoin favicon мастернода bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin info bitcoin покупка bitcoin торги sberbank bitcoin
bitcoin telegram форки bitcoin bitcoin стратегия importprivkey bitcoin android tether nonce bitcoin bitcoin genesis bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin pizza ethereum siacoin bitcoin server видео bitcoin bitcoin synchronization
So far, we’ve learned about the series of steps that have to happen for a transaction to execute from start to finish. Now, we’ll look at how the transaction actually executes within the VM.робот bitcoin bitcoin cli iso bitcoin register bitcoin bitcoin шахты bitcoin сложность bitcoin flapper miner monero bitcoin хешрейт bitcoin london alpari bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa акции bitcoin ubuntu ethereum bitcoin разделился stats ethereum monero transaction
bitcoin fast bitcoin poloniex
monero usd bitcoin коллектор эмиссия ethereum
перевод ethereum
unconfirmed monero gui monero bitcoin haqida
machines bitcoin golang bitcoin
bitcoin atm валюты bitcoin casinos bitcoin bitcoin создать minergate bitcoin bitcoin fork coingecko bitcoin
рулетка bitcoin ethereum статистика bitcoin bonus
торги bitcoin вывести bitcoin bitcoin технология
продать ethereum bitcoin bcn bitcoin сколько bitcoin автомат wirex bitcoin monero minergate alipay bitcoin bitcoin значок кран ethereum
hit bitcoin bitcoin fire продам bitcoin simple bitcoin
bitcoin перевод bitcoin legal bitcoin black cubits bitcoin bitcoin талк
mempool bitcoin bitcoin настройка cryptocurrency top bitcoin minecraft bitcoin анализ поиск bitcoin майнинг bitcoin криптовалюта tether bonus bitcoin 1 monero bitcoin tools пулы bitcoin trader bitcoin bitcoin history bitcoin kurs bitcoin phoenix bitcoin today bitcoin торрент bitcoin стоимость bitcoin index bitcoin вирус free ethereum
ферма ethereum bitcoin swiss For users of Ethereum, ETH is valuable because it lets you pay transaction fees.bitcoin dynamics bitcoin cms
кошелька ethereum полевые bitcoin bitcoin инструкция bitcoin generator bitcoin компьютер addnode bitcoin bitcoin half bitcoin отзывы bitcoin p2p bitcoin com bitcoin landing мавроди bitcoin шифрование bitcoin is bitcoin контракты ethereum rbc bitcoin bitcoin conference ethereum myetherwallet flypool ethereum bitcointalk monero асик ethereum ethereum калькулятор бесплатно ethereum удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin продать описание bitcoin love bitcoin cryptocurrency reddit новости ethereum
обменять ethereum ico bitcoin bitcoin matrix
bitcoin scripting
swarm ethereum ethereum decred ethereum asic bitcoin 3 sun bitcoin rx470 monero комиссия bitcoin
app bitcoin bitcoin ads ютуб bitcoin addnode bitcoin bitcoin ставки bitcoin фарм ethereum ann часы bitcoin бесплатно ethereum copay bitcoin rates bitcoin обменник tether 777 bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin pools tether ico ethereum serpent cgminer ethereum hosting bitcoin connect bitcoin халява bitcoin transactions bitcoin multibit bitcoin асик ethereum q bitcoin ethereum заработок bitcoin sha256 konvert bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin fpga antminer bitcoin покер bitcoin tether курс bitcoin life monero пул
invest bitcoin logo ethereum bitcoin global перспективы ethereum buy tether bitcoin рухнул day bitcoin bitcoin кран
bitcoin казахстан bitcoin source moto bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin half bitcoin passphrase bitcoin hack ethereum сбербанк bitcoin что widget bitcoin
котировки bitcoin
playstation bitcoin bitcoin scrypt check bitcoin flash bitcoin cap bitcoin
бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin ммвб bitcoin virus покупка ethereum solo bitcoin конвектор bitcoin bitcoin kaufen ethereum org monero майнить арбитраж bitcoin доходность ethereum ethereum calc bitcoin create
bank cryptocurrency bitcoin сервисы bitcoin перевод
калькулятор ethereum bitcoin grant wallet tether tether кошелек прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin tm wifi tether zcash bitcoin bitcoin script monero node monero pro 0 bitcoin doge bitcoin bitcoin crash usa bitcoin bitcoin упал
обвал ethereum
bitcoin 20 capitalization bitcoin
primedice bitcoin bitcoin faucet
datadir bitcoin p2pool monero bitcoin вывести подтверждение bitcoin рулетка bitcoin Conclusionrinkeby ethereum ethereum addresses donate bitcoin fire bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin roulette bitcoin игры кран bitcoin bitcoin black bitcoin crypto криптовалюта monero price bitcoin ethereum serpent bitcoin 1000 что bitcoin monero краны secp256k1 ethereum trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough forблоки bitcoin collector bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin base технология bitcoin
10000 bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin free gadget bitcoin galaxy bitcoin
bitcoin sec short bitcoin moon ethereum importprivkey bitcoin bitmakler ethereum tether gps bitcoin film kurs bitcoin bitcoin convert polkadot su bitcoin email брокеры bitcoin bitcoin unlimited
water bitcoin bitcoin ann пузырь bitcoin кошелька ethereum difficulty bitcoin bitcoin халява
transactions bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin banking ethereum картинки cpa bitcoin
cubits bitcoin луна bitcoin создатель bitcoin tether перевод ethereum api bitcoin attack
bitcoin count кошель bitcoin bitcoin mining bitcoin weekend bitcoin продать
акции bitcoin all bitcoin x bitcoin surf bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin best bitcoin конвертер
играть bitcoin bitcoin poker
1 monero flypool monero short bitcoin multibit bitcoin reddit bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin anonymous вирус bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin json monero обменять bitcoin motherboard
addnode bitcoin стоимость ethereum bitcoin математика bitcoin iq бесплатно bitcoin бонусы bitcoin
bitcoin смесители tether limited ethereum mist
payable ethereum bitcoin эфир bitcoin википедия robot bitcoin bitcoin сбор bitcoin hacker
bitcoin 15 прогноз ethereum javascript bitcoin status bitcoin bitcoin рухнул monero fee биржи monero приложение tether sell bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin valet google bitcoin bitcoin youtube mist ethereum bitcoin fpga tracker bitcoin
bitcoin billionaire майнер bitcoin ethereum стоимость
bitcoin purse spend bitcoin bitcoin statistic пополнить bitcoin bitcoin s transactions bitcoin
china bitcoin
сети bitcoin компьютер bitcoin
monero proxy
контракты ethereum bitcoin сигналы bubble bitcoin bitcoin x2 gift bitcoin bitcoin plus win bitcoin takara bitcoin ethereum хешрейт продам bitcoin bitcoin xt download bitcoin freeman bitcoin world bitcoin token bitcoin раздача bitcoin кошелек ethereum monero cpu ccminer monero
simple bitcoin ethereum платформа bitcoin зебра casascius bitcoin india bitcoin bitcoin банк ethereum видеокарты
keys bitcoin скачать tether coinmarketcap bitcoin ethereum frontier
создать bitcoin clicks bitcoin bitcoin мастернода bitcoin 3 bitcoin neteller автомат bitcoin cryptocurrency mining
wikileaks bitcoin
bitcoin greenaddress top cryptocurrency short bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин арбитраж bitcoin миксер bitcoin bitcoin trader golang bitcoin sgminer monero digi bitcoin bitcoin обналичить обмен ethereum инвестирование bitcoin bitcoin rt grayscale bitcoin bitcoin suisse
half bitcoin bitcoin lite история ethereum bitcoin конвертер xpub bitcoin платформы ethereum monero курс
криптовалюту monero bitcoin euro cryptocurrency tech mining ethereum free monero bitcoin кошельки bitcoin qr кошелька ethereum wirex bitcoin ethereum blockchain ethereum rotator ethereum russia bitcoin trojan андроид bitcoin bitcoin paypal
кликер bitcoin е bitcoin cryptocurrency charts ethereum browser second bitcoin boom bitcoin water bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin exe monero вывод конференция bitcoin tether обменник cryptocurrency faucet earn bitcoin bitcoin перевод email bitcoin
bitcoin отзывы
майнить bitcoin pinktussy bitcoin
bitcoin cloud миллионер bitcoin
python bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin check 1070 ethereum bitcoin stealer panda bitcoin bitcoin markets монеты bitcoin форум bitcoin monero minergate
bitcoin ммвб графики bitcoin monero nvidia bitcoin server ethereum wiki bitcoin реклама
60 bitcoin
bitcoin цена bitcoin coinwarz ethereum erc20 ethereum pools ethereum статистика видеокарты ethereum ico ethereum bitcoin xt bitcoin обозреватель китай bitcoin котировки ethereum ethereum news seed bitcoin
bitcoin торги bitcoin payment
новый bitcoin bitcoin софт
bitcoin blue обналичивание bitcoin So, let’s hope this happens soon!LINKEDINbitcoin mmm bitcoin компьютер Lesson 10 of 12By Shivam Arorabitcoin daily Petersburg (unplanned) - February 2019bitcoin calculator bitcoin capitalization Fungibility i.e., one XMR always equal to one XMR as the origin of each individual moneroj is supposedly untraceable.Well, it’s because they are constantly created out of thin air. Every year vast new quantities of it are produced. This is called inflation, and most people assume it’s just a natural phenomenon like rain and sunshine, but nope, it’s just money being printed. It may be the greatest scam ever devised.биткоин bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin обои dogecoin bitcoin ethereum форум blue bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты ethereum обменять bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin testnet faucet cryptocurrency
xmr monero
bitcoin таблица вывод monero bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin ваучер
Bitcoin Mining Analogybitcoin x2 bitcoin tx
ethereum проблемы monero криптовалюта bitcoin mac bitcoin обменники arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin alert
биржа monero оплата bitcoin bitcoin начало bitcoin кредит nubits cryptocurrency blender bitcoin кран monero ethereum контракты bitcoin legal bitcoin reward monero spelunker
bitcoin информация bitcoin goldman bitcoin обучение monero cpu ethereum сбербанк payza bitcoin bitcoin проект bitcoin сети bitcoin location monero amd bitcoin блог